1. Seyom Brown, The Causes and Prevention of War. Second Edition. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
2. Adrian Raine, The Psychopathology of Crime: Criminal Behavior as a Clinical Disorder. New York: Academic Press, 1993.
3. Hidemi Suganami, On the Causes of War. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, p. 115.
4. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, Eds., The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Re-examined. Bloomiongton: Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 4.
5. Michael P. Ghiglieri, The Dark Side of Man: Tracing the Origins of Male Violence. Reading, Massachusetts: Helix Books, 1999, p. 211.
6. Sigmund Freud, "Why War?" in The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. XXII. London: Hogarth Press, 1964, p. 209.
7. Michael P. Ghiglieri, The Dark Side of Man, p. 10; Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, The Biology of Peace and War: Men, Animals and Aggression. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979, p. 123.
8. Adrian Raine, The Psychopathology of Crime: Criminal Behavior as a Clinical Disorder. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993, p. 63.
9. John A. Vasquez, The War Puzzle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 140.
10. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War. New York: Basic Books, 1999, p. 1.
11. Hidemi Suganami, On the Causes of War, p. 168.
12. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 443.
13. Gordon A. Craig, Germany: 1866-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 25.
14. Daniel Ellsberg, address to International Psychohistorical Association, June 7, 1995.
15. Kalevi J. Holsti, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 331.
16. Michael P. Ghiglieri, The Dark Side of Man, p. 16.
17. James Gilligan, Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic. New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 109.
18. William R. Thompson, On Global War: Historical-Structural Approaches to World Politics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988, p. 257.
19. Dina A. Zinnes, "Why War? Evidence on the Outbreak of International Conflict," in Ted Robert Gurr, Ed., Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research. New York, The Free Press, 1980, p. 331.
20. Keith F. Otterbein, The Evolution of War: A Cross-Cultural Study. Chicago: HRAF Press, 1970.
21. R. J. Rummel, "The Relationship Between National Attributes and Foreign Conflict Behavior," in J. D. Singer, Ed., Quantitative International Politics: Insights and Evidence. New York: Free Press, 1968, pp. 187-214.
22. R. Hobbs, The Myth of Victory. Boulder: Westview, 1979; John V. Denson, Ed., The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1997; Michael Cranna, Ed., The True Cost of Conflict. London: Earthscan Publications, 1994.
23. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945. New York: Random House, 1970, p. 112.
24. Kalevi J. Holsti, Peace and War, p. 246.
25. Joshua S. Goldstein, "Kondratieff Waves as War Cycles." International Studies Quarterly 29(1985): 425.
26. A. L. Macfie, "The Outbreak of War and the Trade Cycle." Economic History 4(1938): 90, 96.
27. Raimo Vayrynen, "Economic Fluctuations, Military Expenditures, and Warfare in International Relations." in Robert K. Schaeffer, Ed., War in the World-System. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989, p. 121.
28. Ute Frevert, Women in German History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 108.
29. J. David Singer, Explaining War. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979, p. 14.
30. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Theories of International Conflict: An Analysis and and Appraisal," in Ted Robert Gurr, Ed., Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research. New York: The Free Press, p. 361.
31. Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War. New York: The Free Press, 1991, pp. 150-155.
32. Richard G. Sipes, "War, Combative Sports and Aggression: A Preliminary Causal Model of Cultural Patterning." In Martin A. Nettleship et al., Eds., War, Its Causes and Correlates. Paris: Mouton Publishers, 1975, p. 758; Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The Politics of Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 238-259.
33. Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember, "Issues in Cross-Cultural Studies of Interpersonal Viollence." In R. Barry Rubade and Neil Alan Weiner, Eds., Interpersonal Violent Behaviors: Social and Cultural Aspects. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1995, p. 34.
34. Nancy Updike, "Hitting the Wall." Mother Jones, May/June 1999, p. 37; Barry Glassner, Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things. New York: Basic Books, 1999, p. 104.
35. Christine Stolba, "The Missing Persons of Domestic Violence: Battered Men." Women’s Quarterly 21(1999): 23-27.
36. James Gilligan, Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic. New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 232.
37. Judith Sherven and James Sniechowski, "Women Are Responsible, Too." S.O.F.I.E. Newsletter, January 1995, p. 5.
38. Richard M. Yarvis, Homicide: Causative Factors and Roots. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath & Co., 1991.
39. Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley, Ghosts From the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence. New York, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998, p. 119.
40. James Gilligan, Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic, p. 45.
41. Ibid., p. 64.
42. Ibid., p. 67.
43. Michael P. Ghiglieri, The Dark Side of Man, p. 138.
44. Jack Katz, Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books, 1988, p. 18.
45. Ibid, p. 71.
46. James Gilligan, Violence, p. 11.
47. Candace B. Pert, Molecules of Emotion: Why You Feel the Way You Feel. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
48. Nancy Eisenberg, The Caring Child. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992, p. 8.
49. Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson, Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys. New York: Ballatine Books, 1999, p. 72.
50. Richard Rhodes, Why They Kill: The Discoveries of a Maverick Criminologist. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999, p. 206.
51. Ibid.
52. Adrian Raine, The Psychopathology of Crime, pp. 85, 263; Brett Kahr, "Ancient Infanticide and Modern Schizophrenia: The Clinical Uses of Psychohistorical Research." The Journal of Psychohistory 20(1993): 267-273.
53. Adrian Raine, The Psychopathology of Crime, pp. 85, 260; David M. Stoff and Robert B. Cairns, Eds., Aggression and Violence: Genetic, Neurobiological and Biosocial Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.
54. Bessel A. van der Kolk and Jose Saporta, "The Biological Response to Psychic Trauma: Meahanisms and Treatment of Intrusion and Numbing." Anxiety Research, 4(1991): 205.
55. Debra Hiehoff, The Biology of Violence: How Understanding the Brain, Behavior, and Environment Can Break the Vicious Circle of Aggression. New York: The Free Press, 1999, p. 129.
56. Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1994.
57. Allan N. Schore, "A Century After Freud’s Project: Is a Rapprochement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology at Hand?" Journal of the American Psychoanalystic Association (1997(45): 831; Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation, p. 174.
58. Ibid., p. 339.
59. Robert I. Simon, Bad Men Do What Good Men Dream: A Forensic Psychiatrist Illuminates the Darker Side of Human Behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996, p. 28.
60. Richard Rhodes, Why They Kill, p. 95; Lonnie Athens, The Creation of Violent Criminals. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
61. Richard Rhodes, Why They Kill, p. 210.
62. Fredric Schiffer, Of Two Minds: the Revolutionary Science of Dual-Brain Psychology. New York: The Free Press, 1998.
63. Ibid., p. 12.
64. Ibid., p. 45.
65. Ibid., pp. 62, 68-69, 210.
66. Rudolph Hoess, Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996, p. 183.
67. Ibid, p. 163.
68. Tom Main, "Some Psychodynamics of Large Groups." In Lionel Kreeger, Ed., The Large Group: Dynamics and Therapy. London: Karnac Books, 1994, p. 64.
69. Edward Chancellor, Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999, p. 212.
70. Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1997, p. 10.
71. David Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1995, p. 13.
72. Frederick Leboyer, Birth Without Violence. London: Inner Traditions International, 1995.
73. George Victor, Hitler: The Pathology of Evil. Washington: Brassey’s, 1998, p. 144.
74. William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent 1934-1941. New York: Galahad Books, 1995, p. 141.
75. Götz Aly, "The Universe of Death and Torment." In Robert R. Shandley, Ed., Unwilling Germans? The Goldhagen Debate. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998, p. 169.
76. Ronald Katz, "Mothers and Daughters—The Tie that Binds: Early Identification and the Psychotherapy of Women." In Gerd H. Fenchel, Ed., The Mother-Daughter Relationship: Echoes Through Time. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1998, p. 248.
77. See Chapter 7.
78. Margaret Mahler, "Aggression in the Service of Separation-Individuation." Psychoanalytic Quarterly 50(1981): 631.
79. Ronald Katz, "Mothers and Daughters," p. 245.
80. Joseph C. Rheingold, The Fear of Being a Woman: A Theory of Maternal Destructiveness. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1964.
81. Brandt F. Steele, "Parental Abuse of Infants and Small Children."
82. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature: A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection. New York: Pantheon Books, 1999, p. 166.
83. Ibid., p. 170.
84. T. Berry Brazelton and Bertrand G. Cramer, The Earliest Relationship: Parents, Infants and the Drama of Early Attachment. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1990, p. 11.
85. Ibid., p. 145.
86. Ibid., p. 255.
87. Stern also turns off the sound when watching mother-infant videotapes; see Daniel N. Stern, The Motherhood Constellation, p. 67.
88. Stephen S. Hall, "The Bully in the Mirror." The New York Times Magazine, p. 34.
89. Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson, Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys. New York: Ballantine Books, 1999, p. 13.
90. Ibid., p. 55; Michael P. Ghiglieri, The Dark Side of Man: Tracing the Origins of Male Violence. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1999, p. 5; Janet Ann DiPietro, "Rough and Tumble Play: A Function of Gender." In Juanita H. Williams, Ed., Psychology of Women: Selected Readings. 2nd Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1985, p. 156; Murray A. Straus, "Spanking by Parents and Subsequent Antisocial Behavior of Children." Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151(1997): 762.
91. G. Fritz et al, "A Comparison of Males and Females Who Were Sexually Molested as Children." Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 7(1981): 55.
92. Jeffrey Z. Rubin et al, "The Eye of the Beholder: Parents’ Views on Sex of Newborns." In Juanita H. Williams, Ed., Psychology of Women: Selected Readings. 2nd Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1985, pp. 147-152; Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson, Raising Cain, p. 41.
93. Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson, Raising Cain, p. 11.
94. Ibid., p. 53.
95. For more on the Medea complex and maternal destructiveness, see Joseph C. Rheingold, The Mother, Anxiety and Death: The Catastrophic Death Complex. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1967, pp. 104-154.
96. Ibid. p. 46
97. Ibid.
98. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, p. 41.
99. Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self, p. 102.
100. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p. 41.
101. Silvia di Lorenzo, La Grande Madre Mafia: Psicoanalisi del Potere Mafioso. Milano: Pratiche Editrice, 1996, p. 44.
102. Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember, "Issues in Cross-Cultural Studies of Interpersonal Violence." In R. Barry Rubach and Neil Alan Weiner, Eds., Interpersonal Violent Behaviors: Social and Cultural Aspects. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1995, pp. 32-33.
103. Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The Politics of Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 238-251.
104. Robert Godwin, "The Exopsychic Structure of Politics." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 252-253.
105. Otto F. Kernberg, "Hatred As a Core Affect of Aggression." In Salman Akhtar, Ed., The Birth of Hatred: Developmental, Clinical, and Technical Aspects of Intense Aggression. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1995, p. 76.
106. Omer Bartov, "Savage War." In Michael Burleigh, Ed., Confronting the Nazi Past: New Debates on Modern German History. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996, p. 126.
107. Gustav Krupp, cited in The Nation, August 9/16, 1999, p. 36.
108. Ibid.
109. Sue Mansfield, The Gestalts of War: An Inquiry into Its Origins and Meanings as a Social Institution. New York: The Dial Press, 1982, p. 62.
110. Martin Broszat, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany. Oxford: Berg, 1987, p. 4.
111. Andrew Delbanco, The Real American Dream: A Beditation on Hope. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 51.
112. Ralph Greenson, "Why Men Like War." In R. Nemiroff et al, Eds., On Loving, Hating and Living Well. New York: International Universities Press, 1992, p. 127; Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccolo Machiavelli. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, pp. 25, 274; Page Smith, The Shaping of America. Volume Three. New York: Penguin Books, 1980, p. 42.
113. Luh Ketut Suryani and Godon D. Jensen, Trance and Possession in Bali: A Window on Western Multiple Personality, Possession Disorder and Suicide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 44.
114. Ibid., p. 32.
115. Margaret Power, The Egalitarians—Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 1.
116. Kalevi J. Holsti, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 59.
117. See Chapters 7-9.
118. J. David Singer and Melvin Small, The Wages of War 1816-1965: A Statistical Handbook. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972; Quincy Wright, A Study of War. Second Ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962; Francis A. Beer, Peace Against War: The Ecology of International Violence. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1981; George Modelski, Long Cycles in World Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987.
119. Frank H. Denton and Warren Phillips, "Some Patterns in the History of Violence." Conflict Resolution 12(1968): 193; William R. Thompson, On Global War: Historical-Structural Approaches to World Politics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988, p. 94.
120. Brian J. L. Berry, Long-Wave Rhythms in Economic Development and Political Behavior. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
121. Christopher Chase-Dunn and Kenneth O’Reilly, "Core Wars of the Future." In Robert K. Schaeffer, Ed., War in the World-System. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989, p. 121.
122. Joshua S. Goldstein, "Kondratieff Waves as War Cycles." International Studies Quarterly 29(1985): 421.
123. Ibid., p. 434.
124. Frank Klingberg, "The Historical Alteration of Moods in American Foreign Policy." World Politics 4(1952): 239-73. See also Jack E. Holmes, The Mood/Interest Theory of American Foreign Policy. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1985.
125. Lloyd deMause, Reagan’s America. New York: Creative Roots, 1984.
126. Lloyd deMause, Ibid., pp. 56-57.
127. For an attempt to quantify group-fantasy cartoon images, see Winfried Kurth, "The Psychological background of Germany’s Participation in the Kosovo War." The Journal of Psychohistory 27(1999): 101-102.
128. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 189-192.
129. Candace B. Pert, Molecules of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine. New York: Simon & Schuster.
130. The closest to my four-stage group-fantasy theory has been the "public moods" cycles described for Western Europe since 1876 in Keith L. Nelson and Spencer C. Olin, Jr. Why War? Ideology, Theory and History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
131. See Chapters 8 and 9.
132. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. Third Ed. New York: New York University Press, 1993; William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity 1914-1932. Second Ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958.
133. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991. New York: Pantheon Books, 1994, p. 282.
134. John A. Vasquez, The War Puzzle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 263-280.
135. Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women. New York: Crown Publishers, 1991.
136. Debora Silverman, "The ‘New Woman,’ Feminism, and the Decorative Arts in Fin-de-Siecle France." In Lynn Hunt, Ed., Eroticism and the Body Politic. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991, p. 144.
137. Kenneth Alan Adams, "Arachnophobia: Love American Style." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 4(1981): 193.
138. Elaine Showalter, Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle. New York: Penguin Books, p. 1990
139. Susan Faludi, Backlash, p. 62.
140. Lloyd deMause, "American Purity Crusades." The Journal of Psychohistory 14(1987):345-350.
141. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade, Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1968-1900. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.
142. Ibid., p. 176.
143. Ibid., p. 233.
144. Jayme A. Sokolow, Eros and Modernization: Sylvester Graham, Health Reform, and the Origins of Victorian Sexuality in America. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1983, p. 80.
145. Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975, p. 49.
146. Edward Chancellor, Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999, p. 204.
147. Ronald G. Walters, "The Erotic South: Civilization and Sexuality in American Abolitionism." American Quarterly 25(1973): 183
148. George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe. New York: Howard Fertig, 1985, p. 33.
149. Time, January 24, 1964, p. 54.
150. Lloyd deMause, "’Heads and Tails’: Money As A Poison Container." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988): 12.
151. James A. Estey, Business Cycles: Their Nature, Cause, and Control. Third Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1956, p. 95.
152. Marisa Dillon Weston, "Anorexia as a Symbol of an Empty Matrix Dominated by the Dragon Mother." Group Analysis 32(1999): 71-85.
153. Ibid., p. 74.
154. Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children, p. 291.
155. Edward Chancellor, Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999, p. 186.
156. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. Third Ed., New York: New York University Press, 1993, p. 107.
157. William Greider, Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, p. 300.
158. Lloyd deMause, Reagan’s America. New York: Creative Roots, 1984, p. 55.
159. William K. Joseph, "Prediction, Psychology and Economics." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 111.
160. Paul Krugman, "Financial Crises in the International Economy." In Martin Feldstein, Ed., The Risk of Economic Crisis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991, p. 108.
161. William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity 1914-1932. Second Ed., Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958, p. 265.
162. Edward Chancellor, Devil Take the Hindmost, pp. 198-223.
163. Didier Anzieu, Le Groupe et l’inconscient. Paris: Dunod, 1975, p. 319.
164. Paul Parin et al., Fear Thy Neighbor as Thyself: Psychoanalysis and Society Among the Anyi of West Africa. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980, p. 282.
165. Harold P. Blum, "Sanctified Aggression, Hate, and the Alternation of Standards and Values." In Salman Akhtar, et al., Ed., The Birth of Hatred: Developmental, Clinical, and Technical Aspects of Intense Aggression. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1995, p. 19.
166. Robert S. Robins and Jerrold M. Post, Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997, p. 98.
167. Blema S. Steinberg, Shame and Humiliation: Presidential Decision Making on Vietnam. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996, p. 2.
168. The Wall Street Journal, April 27, 1994, p. A12.
169. Gwen J. Broude, "Protest Masculinity: A Further Look at the Causes and the Concept." Ethos 18(1990): 103-121.
170. Lloyd deMause, "The Phallic Presidency." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1998): 354-357.
171. Ibid.
172. George Victor, Hitler: The Pathology of Evil. Washington: Brassey’s, 1998, p. 105.
173. Ibid., p. 78.
174. Blema S. Steinberg, Shame and Humiliation, p. 31.
175. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1988, p. 47.
176. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 191.
177. Ibid., p. 200.
178. Blema S. Steinberg, Shame and Humiliation, p. 79.
179. Michael Hutchison, The Anatomy of Sex and Power: An Investigation of Mind-Body Politics. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1990, p. 44.
180. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest. New York: Random House, 1972, p. 414.
181. Blema S. Steinberg, Shame and Humiliation, p. 99.
182. Jerrold Atlas, "Understanding the Correlation Between Childhood Punishment and Adult Hypnotizability as It Impacts on the Command Power of Modern ‘Charismatic’ Political leaders." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1990): 309-318.
183. Robert G. L. Waite, Kaiser and Führer: A Comparative Study of Personality and Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998, p. 31.
184. Hans Kohn, Prelude to Nation States: The French and German Experience, 1878-1815. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1967, p. 261.
185. Howard Zinn, The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy. New York; Seven Stories Press, 1997, p. 230.
186. Robert B. Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor. New York: The Free Press, 2000.
187. Chapter 1.
188. C. David Heymann, RFK: A Candid Biography of Robert F. Kennedy. New York: Dutton, 1998, p. 17.
189. Ibid., pp. 387 and 238.
190. Gus Russo, Live By the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK. Baltimore: Bancroft Press, 1998, p. 18.
191. Ibid., p. 64.
192. Ibid., p. 77.
193. Ibid., p. 164.
194. Richard J. Barnet, Roots of War. New York: Atheneum, 1972, p. 82.
195. James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1991, p. 150.
196. Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow, Ed., The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 424.
197. Gus Russo, Live By the Sword, p. 177.
198. Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, "One Hell of a Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997, p. 245.
199. Gordon S. Wood, "Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century." William & Mary Quarterly 39(1982): 410.
200. James H. Hutson, "The American Revolution: The Triumph of a Delusion?" In Erich Angermann, Ed., New Wine in Old Skins. Stuttgart: Klett, 1976, p. 179; Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, p. 113.
201. Timothy L. Smith, Revivalism and Social Reform In Mid-Nineteenth Century America. New York: Abingdon Press, 1962, pp. 63-79.
202. Charles Strozier, Apocalypse: On the Psychology of Fundamentalism in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994, pp. 172-3.
203. Michael Barkun, Disaster and the Millennium. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986, pp. 51-55.
204. Eugen Weber, France: Fin de Siècle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986, p. 10.
205. Edward Ross Dickinson, The Politics of German Child Welfare from the Empire to the Federal Republic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, p. 39.
206. David Luke, Ed., Goethe. Baltimore, Penguin Books, p. 287.
207. Elaine Showalter, Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle. London: Penguin Books, 1991, p. 180.
208. Bram Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-de-Siècle Culture. New York: oxford University Press, 1986, p. 347.
209. Louis A. Sass, Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought. New York: Basic Books, 1992, p. 57.
210. H. G. Wells, The World Set Free: A Story of Mankind. Leipzig: B. Tauchnitz, 1914.
211. The Nation, January 10/17, 2000, p. 11.
212. Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 312.
213. Keith Wilson, Ed., Decisions for War 1914. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
214. Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace. New York: Doubleday, 1995, p. 185.
215. George Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle: Some Notes Towards the Re-Definition of Culture. London: Faber & Feber, 1971, p. 27.
216. Michael C. C. Adams, The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the Coming of World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990, p. 51.
217. Ruth Seifert, "War and Rape: A Preliminary Analysis." In Alexandra Stiglmayer, Ed., The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993, p. 63.
218. Sa-Moon Kang, Divine War in the Old Testament and in the Ancient Near East. New York; Walter de Gruyter, 1989, p. 10.
219. John Bierhorst, The Hungry Woman: Myths and Legends of the Eztecs. New York: William Morrow, 1984, p. 10.
220. Num. 31:17.
221. Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1996, p. 67.
222. Heracleides of Pontus, Athenaeus, XII, 26; Richard C. Trexler, ISex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order and the European Conquest of te Americas. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995, p. 23.
223. Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War. New York: The Free Press, 1991, p. 179.
224. Charles W. Socarides, The Preodipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversion. Madison: International Universities Press, 1988, p. 67.
225. Robert K. Ressler et al, Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives. New York Lexington Books, 1988.
226. A. Nicholas Groth, Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender. New York: Plenum Press, 1979, p. 27.
227. Ibid., pp. 2, 14.
228. Ibid., p. 15.
229. Robert I. Simon, Bad Men Do What Good Men Dream: A Forensic Psychiatrist Illuminates the Darker Side of Human Behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996, p. 78.
230. Alenka Puhar, "On Childhood Origins of Violence in Yugoslavia: II. The Zadruga." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 181.
231. John A. Vasquez, The War Puzzle. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 115.
232. John Toland, Adolf Hitler. New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1992, pp. 569.
233. Ibid, p. 620.
234. Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies. Vol. 1: Women, Floods, Bodies, History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987, p. 205
235. Alenka Puhar, "A Letter From Yugoslavia, In The Raw." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1992): 340.
236. Sam Keen, Faces of the Enemy: Reflections of the Hostile Imagination. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986, p. 76.
237. Henry F. Graff, The Tuesday Cabinet: Deliberation and Decision on Pece and War Under Lyndon B. Johnson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990, p. 106.
238. Alexandra Stiglmayer, Ed., Mas Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993, pp. x, 118, 129.
239. Lloyd deMause, "The History of Child Assault." The Journal of Psychohistory 18(1990): 16-18; Michael Newton, "Written in Blood: A History of Human Sacrifice." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 104-131.
240. Dvid Carrasco, City of Scrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999, p. 39.
241. Sue Mansfield, The Gestalts of War: An Inquiry Into Its Origins and Meanings as a Social Institution. New York: The Dial Press, 1982, p. 161.
242. Maria Tatar, Lustmord: Sexual Murder in Weimar Germany. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 182.
243. Juha Siltala, "Prenatal Fantasies During the Finish Civil War." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 484.
244. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 53.
245. Daniel Rancour-Laferriere, The Slave Soul of Russia: Moral Masochism and the Cult of Suffering. New York: New York University Press, 1995, p. 226.
246. Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William T. Sherman, Stonewall Jackson and the Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991, p. 241; Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War. New York: Basic Books, 1999, p. 18.
247. Elwin H. Powell, The Design of Discord: Studies of Anomie. oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 169.
248. Martin Broszat, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany. Oxford: Berg, 1987, p. 40.
249. Michael C. C. Adams, The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the Coming of World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 55.
250. Herbert Rosinski, The German Army. New York: Praeger, 1966, p. 132.
251. Charles Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Treatment of Perversions, p. 7.
252. Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August. New York: Macmillan, 1962, p. 121.
253. Bruce Catton, The Coming Fury. Garden City, NY: Doyubleday & Co., 1961, p. 325.
254. P. M. H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe. Second Ed. New York: Longman, 1997.
255. Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.
256. Marion A. Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 13.
257. Ron Rosenbau, Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil. New York: Random House, 1998, p. 335.
258. John Weiss, Ideology of Death: Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1991, p. vii.
259. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Attalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: Harper Collins, 1998, p. 199.
260. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 240.
261. Klaus P. Fischer, The History of an Obsession: German Judeophobia and the Holocaust. New York: Continuum, 1998, p. 5.
262. George M. Kren and Leon Rappoport, The Holocaust and the Crisis of Human Behavior. Rev. Ed. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980, p. 40.
263. Theodore Abel, Why Hitler Came Into Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938, p. 6.
264. William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922-1945. New York: F. Watts, 1984, pp. 24, 69.
265. Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria 1933-1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983, p. 47.
266. Paul Bookbinder, Weimar Germany: The Republic of the Reasonable. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996, p. 219.
267. Peter H. Merkl, The Making of a Stormtrooper. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, p. 228.
268. "The Psychohistorical Origins of the Nazi Youth Cohort." In Peter Loewenberg, Decoding the Past: The Psychohistorical Approach. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996, pp. 240-283.
269. Ibid., p. 249.
270. Ibid., p. 251.
271. Bernt Engelmann, In Hitler’s Germany: Everyday Life in the Third Reich. New York: Schocken Books, 1986, p. 44.
272. Ibid., p. 253.
273. Hans Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989,, p. 351.
274. Mitchell G. Ash, "American and German Perspectives on the Goldhagen Debate." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 7(1997): 402.
275. Mary Jo Maynes, Taking the Hard Road. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, p. 63.
276. Ibid., pp. 66-67.
277. M. J. Maynes, "Childhood Memories, Political Visions, and Working-Class Formation in Imperial Germany: Some Comparative Observations." In Geoff Eley, Ed., Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1997, p. 157.
278. Lloyd deMause, Hg., Hört ihr die Kinder weinen: Eine psychogenetische Geschichte der Kindheit. Frankfurt am Main, 1977; Friedhelm Nyssen, Die Geschichte der Kindheit bei L. deMause: Quellendiskussion. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lange, 1987; Ute Schuster-Keim u. Alexander Keim, Zur Geschichte der Kindheit bei Lloyd deMause: Psychoanalytische Reflexion. Frankfurt/M: Peter Lange, 1988; Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect: Children in Germany, 1860-1978." The Journal of Psychohistory 7(1979):249-279; Aurel Ende, "Bibliography on Childhood and Youth in Germany from 1820-1978: A Selection." The Journal of Psychohistory 7(1979): 281-288; Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings, 1740-1820." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 397-422; Friedhelm Nyssen, Ludwig Janus, Hg., Psychogenetische Geschichte der Kindheit: Beiträge zur Psychohistorie der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 1997; Ralph Frenken, Kindheit und Autobiographie vom 14. bis 17. Jahrhundert: Psychohistorische Rekonstruktionen. 2 Bände. Kiel: Oetker-Voges-Verlag, 1999.
279. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 409.
280. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect," pp. 249-250.
281. Emma Louise Parry, Life Among the Germans. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Co., 1887, p. 20
282. Judith Schneid Lewis, In the Family Way: Childbearing in the British Aristocracy, 1760-1860. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986, p. 65.
283. Mary Jo Maynes, "Gender and Class in Working-Class Women’s Autobiographies." In Ruth-Ellen B. Joeres and Mary Jo Maynes, Eds., German Women in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: a Social and Literary History. Bloomington: Indiana Universtiy Press, 1986, pp. 238-239.
284. Ute Frevert, Women in German History: From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation. Oxford: Berg, 1989.
285. Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik: Wunsch- und Schreckensbilder aus vier Jahrhunderten. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1983, p. 189.
286. Ibid., p. 200.
287. Ibid., p. 186.
288. Adelheid Popp, Jugend einer Arbeiterin. Berlin: Verlag Dietz Nachf, 1977, p. 1f.
289. Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961, p.5.
290. Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, p. 170.
291. Stuart Herry, Villa Elsa: A Story of German Family Life. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1920, p. 253.
292. Bertram Schaffner, Father Land: A Study of Authoritarianism in the German Family. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948, p. 35.
293. Ibid., p. 34.
294. Robert Woods, "Infant Mortality in Britain" in Alain Bideau, et al., Eds., Infant and Child Mortality in the Past. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, p. 76; Pier Paolo Viazzo, "Alpine Patterns of Infant Mortality." In Bideau; Lorenzo Del Panta, "Infant and Child Mortality in Italy," In Bideau; Jörg Vögele, "Urbanization, Infant Mortality and Public Health in Imperial Germany." In Carlo A. Corsini and Pier Paolo Viazzo, Eds., The Decline of Infant and Child Mortality: The European Experience: 1750-1990. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997, pp. 6, 110-111, 194.
295. Regina Schulte, "Infanticide in Rural Bavaria in the Nineteenth Century." In Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean, Eds., Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 91, 101.
296. Ibid., p. 87.
297. Ibid., pp. 89.
298. Mary Jo Maynes and Thomas Taylor, "Germany." In Joseph M. Hawes and N. Ray Hiner, Eds., Children in Historical and Comparative Perspective. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991, p. 309.
299. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect," p. 252.
300. John E. Knodel, Demographic Behavior in the Pst: A Study of Fourteen German Village Populations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 543.
301. Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 178.
302. Ibid., p. 177.
303. Mary Jo Maynes and Thomas Taylor, "Germany," p. 308.
304. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect," p. 260.
305. Aurel Ende, "The Psychohistorian’s Childhood and the History of Childhood." The Journal of Psychohistory 9(1981): 174.
306. Ute Frevert, Women in German Histroy: From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation. Oxford: Berg, 1989, p. 28.
307. Valerie A. Fildes, Breasts, Bottles, and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986, pp. 98-122, 152-163.
308. Marie van Bothmer, German Home Life. Second Ed. New York: Appleton & Co., 1876, p. 15.
309. Clara Asch Boyle, German Days: Personal Experiences and Impressions of Life, Manners, and Customs in Germany. London: John Murray, 1919, p. 228.
310. Edward Ross Dickinson, The Politics of German Child Welfare from the Empire to the Federal Republic. Cambrdige: Harvard University Press, 1996, p. 62.
311. Karin Norman, A Sound Family Makes a Sound State: Ideology and Upbringing in a German Village. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, 1991, p. 97; Heide Wunder, He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 20.
312. Ibid., p. 27.
313. Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, p. 161.
314. Peter Petschauer, "Growing Up Female in Eighteenth-Century Germany." The Journal of Psychohistory 11(1983): 172.
315. Anon., Cornhill Magazine 1867: 356.
316. Henry Mayhew, German Life and Manners as Seen in Saxony at the Present Day. London: William H. Allen, 1864, p. 490.
317. Lloyd deMause, "Schreber and the History of Childhood." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 427.
318. F. Lamprecht et al, "Rat Fighting Behavior." Brain Research 525(1990): 285-293.
319. Ralph Frenken, Kindheit und Autobiographie.
320. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect," p. 252.
321. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 401; Heide Wunder, He Is the Sun, p. 23.
322. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," Ibid.
323. Michael Mitterauer, "Servants and Youth." Continuity and Change 56(1990):21; Albert Ilien, Jeggle, Utz, Leben auf dem Dorf: zur Sozialgeschichte des Dorfes und zur Sozialpsychologie seiner Bewohner. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1976, p. 76.
324. Robert Lee, "Family and ‘Modernization.’" The Peasant Family and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Bavaria." In Richard J. Evans and W. R. Lee, Eds., The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in 19th- and 20th-Century Germany. London: Croom Helm, 1981, p. 96.
325. Carl Haffter, "The Changeling: History and Psychodynamics of Attitudes to Handicapped Children in European Folklore." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 4(1968): 58.
326. Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, p. 189.
327. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 402.
328. Regina Schulte, "Infanticide in Rural Bavaria in the Nineteenth Century." In Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean, Eds., Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 90.
329. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 403.
330. Charlotte Sempell, "Bismarck’s Childhood: A Psychohistorical Study." 2(1974): 115; Melvin Kalfus, Richard Wagner As Cult Hero: The Tanhäuser Who Would Be Siegfried." The Journal of Psychohistory 11(1984): 325.
331. J. F. G. Goeters, Die Evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des XVI Jahrhunderts, Vol. XIV. Tübingen: Kurpfalz, 1969, p. 294.
332. Karin Norman, A Sound Family Makes a Sound State: Ideology and Upbringing in a German Village. Stockholm: University of Stockholm, 1991, p. 101.
333. Priscilla Robertson, "Home As a Nest: Middle Class Childhood in Nineteenth-Century Europe." In Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, p. 419.
334. Walter Hävernick, "Schläge" als Strafe: Ein Bestandteil der heutigen Familiensitte in volkskundlicher Sicht. Hamburg: Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, 1964, p. 53.
335. Ewarld M. Plass, comp., What Luther Says: An Anthology. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959, p. 145.
336. Walter Havernick, "Schläge" als Strafe, p. 102.
337. Ibid.
338. Der Spiegel, September 19, 1978, p. 66; Detlev Frehsee, Einige Daten zur endlosen Geschichte des Züchtigungsrechts. Bielefeld, privately printed, 1997.
339. Amy L. Gilliland and Thomas R. Verny, "The Effects of Domestic Abuse on the Unborn Child." Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health 13(1999): 236.
340. Morton Schatzman, "Paranoia or Persecution: The Case of Schreber." History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory. 1(1973): 75.
341. Alice Miller, For Your Own Good: Hidden Cruelty in Child-Rearing and the Roots of Violence. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1990, p. 15
342. Ibid., p. 152; Robert G. L. Waite, Kaiser and Führer: A Comparative Study of Personality and Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998, p. 329; George Victor, Hitler: The Pathology of Evil. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1998, p. 29.
343. Bertram Schaffner, Father Land: A Study of Authoritarianism in the German Family. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948, p. 21.
344. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 411.
345. Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, p. 167.
346. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 411.
347. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect," p. 259.
348. Ibid., p. 260.
349. Ibid., p. 258
350. Herman Baartman, "Child Suicide and Harsh Punishment in Germany at the Turn of the Last Century." Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education 30(1994): 851.
351. Ibid., pp. 852, 857.
352. Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 18001914. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991, pp. 139, 150.
353. Ann Taylor Allen, "Feminism and Motherhood in Germany and in International Perspective 1800-1914." In Patricia Herminghouse and Magda Mueller, Eds., Gender and Germanness: Cultural Productions of Nation. Providence: Berghahn Books, 1997, p. 121.
354. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 404.
355. Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, p. 93.
356. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 403; Lloyd deMause, "Schreber and the History of Childhood." The Journal of Psychohstory 1591987): 427; Morton Schatzman, "Paranoia or Persecution: The Case of Schreber." History of Childhood Quarterly: The Journal of Psychohistory 1(1973): 66-70; Katatharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, pp. 17, 59.
357. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 405.
358. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 405.
359. William Howett, "The Rural and Domestic Life of Germany. Frankfurt: Jugel, 1843, p. 236.
360. Peter Petschauer, "Children of Afers, of ‘Evolution of Childhood’ Revisited." The Journal of Psychohistory 13(1985): 138.
361. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 406.
362. Arno Gruen, "The Need to Punish: The Political Consequences of Identifying with the Aggressor." The Journal of Psychohistory 27(1999): 142.
363. Alan Dundes, Life is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder: A Portrait of German Culture Through Folklore. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984; Friedrich von Zglinicki, Geschichte des Klistiers: Das Klistier in der Geschichte der Medizin, Kunst und Literatur. Frankfurt: Viola Press, n.d.
364. Gerhart S. Schwarz, Personal Interview, Ms., 1974.
365. Ibid.
366. Reinhard Sieder, "’Vata, derf i aufstehn?’: Childhood Experiences in Viennese Working Class Families Around 1900." Continuity and Change 1(1986):62-64.
367. Florence Rush, The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980, pp. 85-93.
368. Albert Moll, The Sexual Life of Children. New York: 1913, p. 219.
369. Marianne Krull, Freud and His Father. New York: W. W. Norton, 1986.
370. Simund Freud, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. III, p. 164, Vol. VII, p. 180.
371. Fritz Wittels, Set the Children Free! New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1933, p. 124.
372. Mary Jo Maynes, "Gender and Class in Working-class Women’s Autobiographies." In Ruth-Ellen Joeres and Mary Jo Maynes, Eds., German Women in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, pp. 238-239.
373. David Clay Large, Where Ghosts Walked: Munich’s Road to the Third Reich. New York: W. W. Norton, 1`997, p. xix.
374. Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition, Vol. X, p. 8.
375. Ibid., Vol. XXI, p. 234.
376. Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood," pp. 57-58; Gerhart S. Schwarz, "Devices to Prevent Masturbation." Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality May 1973.
377. Sander L. Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Race, Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race and Madness. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985, pp. 41-45.
378. Albert Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child, p. 219; Iwan Bloch, The Sexual Life of Our Time. New York: Rebman, 1980, p. 631.
379. Ibid., 633.
380. Regina Schulte, "Infanticide in Rural Bavaria in the Nineteenth Century." In Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean, Eds., Interest and Emotion, p. 85.
381. Mary Jo Maynes, "Adolescent Sexuality and Social Identity in French and German Lower-Class Autobiography." Journal o9f Family History 17(1992): 407.
382. Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies: Vol. 2 Male Bodies: Psychoanalyzing the White Terror. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989, p. 320; Katharina Rutschky, Deutsche Kinder-Chronik, 1983, p. 811; Thijs Maasen, "Man-Boy Friendships on Trial: On the Shift in the Discourse on Boy Love in the Early Twentieth Century." In Theo Sandfort et al, Male Intergenerational Intimacy: Historical, Socio-Psychological, and Legal Perspectives. New York: Harrington Park Press, 1991, pp. 47-53.
383. Preserved Smith, A History of Modern Culture Vol. 2. New York: H. Holt & Co., 1934, p. 423.
384. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect," p. 255.
385. Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings," p. 412.
386. Fritz Stern, Dreams and Delusions: The Drama of German History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987, pp. 105, 110.
387. Marion A. Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 55; Ute Frevert, Women in German History: From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation. Oxford: Berg, 1989, p. 111.
388. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect," p. 262.
389. Sarah Moskovitz, Love Despite Hate: Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Their Adult Lives. New York: Shocken, 1983, p. 23; Martin Gilbert, The Boys: The Untold Story of 732 Young Concentration Camp Survivors. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1997.
390. Jeanne Hill, "Believing Rachel." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 132-146.
391. Henry V. Dicks, Licensed Mass Murder: A Sociopsychological Study of Some SS Killers. New York: Basic Books, 1972, p. 205.
392. Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. aNew York: The Free Press, 1988.
393. Ibid., p. 181.
394. Klaus P. Fischer, The HIstory of an Obsession: German Judeophobia and the HOlocaust. New York: Continuum, 1998, p. 158.
395. Ute Frevert, Women in German History: From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation. New York: Berg, 1989, p. 188.
396. Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies: Vol. 2: Male Bodies: Psychoanalyzing the White Terror. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989, p. 45.
397. Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, The Family, and Nazi Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981, pp. 12-13.
398. E. J. Feuchtwanger, From Weimar to Hitler: Germany, 1918-33. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995, p. 182.
399. Ibid., pp. 32, 98.
400. Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961, pp. xi-xix.
401. Anton Kaes et al., Eds. The Weimar Republic Sourcebook. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994, p. 17.
402. Peter S. Fisher, Fantasy and Politics: Visions of the Future in the Weimar Republic. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1991, p. 95.
403. Eric A. Johnson, The Crime Rate: Longitudinal and Periodic Trends in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century German Criminality, from Vormärz to Late Weimar." In Richard J. Evans, Ed., The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History. London: Routledge, 1988, p. 172.
404. Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland, p. 41.
405. E. J. Feuchtwanger, From Weimar to Hitler, p. 200; Ian Kershaw, Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail? New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990, p. 22.
406. P. M. H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe. Second Ed. London: Longman, 1997, p. 41.
407. Klaus P. Fischer, The History of an Obsession, p. 4.
408. Hans Mommsen, "The Thin Patina of Civilization: Anti-Semitism was a necessary, But By No Means a Sufficient, Condition for the Holocaust." In Robert R. Shandley, Ed., Unwilling Germans: The Goldhagen Debate. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998, p. 191.
409. Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich. Bavaria 1933-1945. oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983, p. 231.
410. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: Harper Collins, 1998, p. 200.
411. Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947, p. 55.
412. Peter Fritzsche, Germans Into Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 159.
413. Ibid., p. 206
414. Renate Bridenthal et al., Eds., When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984, p. 34.
415. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1940, p. 346, 160.
416. Willy Schumann, Being Present: Growing Up in Hitler’s Germany. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991, p. 145.
417. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, p. 46.
418. Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland, p. 62.
419. Robert G. L. Waite, The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler. New York: Da Capo Press, 1977, pp. 6-7, 157; Waite reproduces the Medusa picture next to a photo of Hitler’s mother, showing their similarity.
420. Detlev J. K. Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982, pp. 69, 200.
421. Detlev J. K. Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany, p. 167.
422. George L. Mosse, The Fascist Revolution: Toward a General Theory of Fascism. New York: Howard Fertig, 1999, p. 34.
423. David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.
424. Klaus P. Fischer, The History of an Obsession, p. 277.
425. Ibid., p. 288.
426. "The American Experience," WNYC-TV, April 7, 1994.
427. Marion A. Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair, p. 70.
428. George M. Kren and Leon Rappoport, The Holocaust and the Crisis of Human Behavior. Rev. Ed., New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980, p. 104.
429. Anthony P. Adamthwaite, The Making of the Second World War. New York: Routledge, 1977, p. 43.
430. Richard Lamb, The Drift to War: 1922-1939. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989, p. 85.
431. David Beisel, The Suicidal Embrace: Hitler, the Allies and the Origins of World War II, forthcoming.
432. Götz Aly et al., Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, pp. 29-55.
433. Ibid., pp. 55, 188-189; Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1995, pp. 39-61.
434. Götz Aly, ‘Final Solution’: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews. Dondon: Arnold, 1999, p. 30.
435. Götz Aly et al.., Cleansing the Fatherland, p. 46.
436. Ibid., p. 27.
437. George Victor, Hitler: The Pathology of Evil. Washington: Brassey’s, 1998, p. 171.
438. Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany: A New History. New York: Continuum, 1998, p. 439.
439. Ibid.
440. Orville H. Bullitt, Ed., For the President: Personal and Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt. London: Andre Deutsch, 1973, p. 308.
441. H. R. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Secret Conversations 1941-1944. New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953, p. 11.
442. Ibid., p. xviii.
443. Ibid., p. 22.
444. Anthony P. Adamthwaite, The Making of the Second World War. New York: Routledge, 1977, p. 72.
445. Joachim C. Fest, Hitler. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1973, p. 578.
446. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939, p. 3.
447. Thomas J. Scheff, Bloody Revenge: Emotions, Ntionalism, and War. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994, p. 116.
448. Andrew J. Crozier, The Causes of the Second World War. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997, p. 147.
449. Jost Dülffer, Nazi Germany 1933-1945: Faith and Annihilation. London: Arnold, 1996, p. 61.
450. Peter Fritzsche, Germans Into Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 7.
451. Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933-1945. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995, p. 236Theodore Abel, Why Hitler Came Into Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938, pp. 212, 236.
452. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 708.
453. Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 713.
454. Anthony P. Adamthwaite, The Making of the Second World War, p. 77.
455. Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany, p. 439.
456. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 709.
457. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS. New York: Ballantine, 1971, p. 409.
458. John Toland, Adolf Hitler, p. 680.
459. John G. Stoessinger, Why Nations Go to War. Seventh Edition. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998, p. 29.
460. John Toland, Adolf Hitler, p. 685.
461. Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 111.
462. Ibid., p. 9.
463. Ibid., p. 20.
464. Götz Aly, ‘Final Solution’: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews. London: Arnold, 1999, p. 7.
465. Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide, p. 25.
466. Ibid.
467. Eberhard Jäckel, "The Holocaust: Where We Are, Where We Need to Go." In Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, Eds., The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 25.
468. Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich, p. 58.
469. Rudolph Binion, Hitler Among the Germans. New York: Elsevier, 1976, p. 58.
470. Götz Aly, ‘Final Solution,’ p. 215.
471. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust, pp. 155, 320, 330, 442, 687.
472. Richard C. Lukas, Did the Children Cry? Hitler’s War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1994, p. 75.
473. Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985, pp. 457, 546.
474. Stanley Rosenman, "The Fundament of German Character." The Journal of Psychohistory 14(1986, p. 67.
475. Terrence Des Pres, The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps. New York: Pocket Books, 1977, p. 58; Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany, pp. 53, 55, 338.
476. Terrence Des Pres, The Survivor, p. 58.
477. Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience. New York: Random House, 1974, p. 101.
478. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 416.
479. David R. Beisel, "Europe’s Killing Frenzy." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1997): 207.
480. Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 223.
481. Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness, p. 166.
482. R. J. Rummel, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. New brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1992, p. 70.
483. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men, p. 83.
484. Henryk Grynberg, Children of Zion. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1997, pp. 21, 23; Terrence Des Pres, The Survivor, p. 53; Nili Keren, "The Family Camp," In Israel Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, Eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 432.
485. Martin Gilbert, The Boys: The Untold Story of 732 Young Concentration Camp Survivors. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1996, p. 206
486. Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies, p. 301.
487. Binjamin Wilkomirski, Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood. New York: Schocken Books, 1995, p. 60; Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986, p. 282; Israel Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, Eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, p. 308, Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness, p. 202.
488. Klaus P. Fischer, The History of an Obsession: German Judeophobia and the Holocaust. New York: Continuum, 1998, p. 346.
489. Evan Luard, War in International Society: A Study in International Sociology. London: I. B. Tauris, & Co., 1986, p. 394.
490. R. J. Rummel, Death By Government. New brtunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1997, p. 25.
491. Ibid., p. 9.
492. Kim A. McDonald, "Anthropologists Debate Whether, and How, War Can be Wiped Out." The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 3, 1999, p. A21.
493. L. F. Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels. Pittsburgh: Boxwood, 1960.
494. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990, p. 33; William J. Brandt, The Shape of Medieval History: Studies in Modes of Perception. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966, p. 133; Kalevi J. Holsti, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 28; R. J. Rummel, Death By Government, p. 69.
495. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag. New York: Cambridge University Press, 199, p. 88.
496. J. L. Ray, "Wars Between Democracies: Rare, or Nonexistent?" International Interactions 18(1993): 251-76; R. J. Rummer, Death By Government, p. 2.
497. Lawrence H. Keeley, War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
498. Ibid., pp. 89, 183.
499. M. J. Meggitt, Blood is Their Argument: Warfare Among the Mae Enga Tribesmen of the New Guinea Highlands. Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1977, p. 110; Bruce M. Knauft, "Melanesian Warfare: A Theoretical History." Oceania 60(1990): 286, 274; Bruce M. Knauft, "Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies." Current Anthropology 28(1987): 457-499; F. Barth, "Tribes and Intertribal Relations in the Fly Headwaters." Oceania 41(1970-71): 175; D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 71; N. A. Chagnon, Yanomamo: the Fierce People. 3rd Ed. New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, p. 171; Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1996, p. 77.
500. J. A. Yost and P. M. Kelley, "Shotguns, Blowguns, and Spears: the Analysis of Technological Efficiency." In R. B. Hames and W. Vickers, Eds., Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonia. New York: Academic Press, 1983.
501. Lawrence H. Keeley, War Before Civilization, p. 38; Marilyn Keys Roper, "A Survey of trhe Evidence for Intrahuman Killing in the Pleistocene." Current Anthropology 10(1969): 427-59; Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, The Biology of Peace and War: Men, Animals and Aggression. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979, p. 127; Harvey Hornstein, Cruelty and Kindness: A New Look at Aggression and Altruism. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1976, p. 64.
502. George Modelski, Long Cycles in World Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987, pp. 47-50.
503. Joseph B. Birdsell, An Introduction to the New Physical Anthropology. New York: Rand Mcally, 1965, p. 97; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Vol. 1. Rutland: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1969, p. 251.
504. Joseph B. Birdsell, "Some Predictions for the Pleistocene Based on Equilibrium Systems Among Recent Hunter-Gatherers." In Richard B. Lee and Irv DeVore, Eds., Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine, 1968, pp. 229-49.
505. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 117-123.
506. Napoleon A. Chagnon and William Irons, Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behaviro: An Anthropological Perspective. North Scituate, Mass.: Dixbury Press, 1979, p. 140; Wulf Schiefenhövel, "Melanesian Ritualized Male Adult/Adolescent Sexual Behavior." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 417; William Tulio Divale and Marvin Harris, "Population, Warfare, and the Male Supremacist Complex." American Anthropologist 78(1976): 521-538; Laila Williamson, "Infanticide: An Anthropological Analysis," in Marvin Kohl, Ed., Infanticide and the Value of Life. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1978.
507. Brude M. Knauft, Good Company and Violence: Sorcery and Social Action in a Lowland New Guinea Society. Berkeley: University of Californiat Press, 1985, p. 379; Bruce M. Knauft, "Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies." Current Anthropology28(1987): 458.
508. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. New York: Pantheon Books, 2000, p. 55.
509. Bruce M. Knauft, Good Company and Violence, p. 55.
510. John Craig, "Kindness and Killing." Emory Magazine, October 1988, p. 26.
511. Lyle B. Steadman, "The Killing of Witches." Oceania 62(1991): 110.
512. Michel Tousignant, "Suicide in Small-Scale Societies." Transcultural Psychiatry 35(1998): 291-306; Dan Jorgenson, "The Clear and the Hidden: Person, Self and Suicide Among the Telefomen of Papua New Guinea." Omega 14(1983): 113-125; Georges Minois, History of Suicide: Voluntary Death in the Western World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
513. Fox Butterfield, "A History of Homicide Surprises the Experts." The New York Times, October 23, 1994, p. 16; James Buchanan Given, Society and Homicide in Thirteenth-Century England. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977; Richard Rhodes, Why They Kill: The Discoveries of a Maverick Criminologist. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999, p. 216; David Lester, Patterns of Suicide and Homicide in the World. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 1996
514. Alenka Puhar, "Childhood Nightmares and Dreams of Revenge." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1994): 131-170.
515. See Chapter 6; also see Glenn Davis, Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1976.
516. Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War. New York: The Free Press, 1991, p. 18.
517. Stephen K. Sanderson, Social Transformations: A General Theory of Historical Development: Expanded Edition. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999, p. 292.
518. Ruth Leger Sivard, World Military and Social Expenditures. Washington, DC: World Priorities, 1998.
519. Alenka Puhar, "Childhood Nightmares and Dreams of Revenge." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1944): 131-170.